| 1. | The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in european universities
几个世纪以来，欧洲的各所大学一直认为法学是一门基本知识学科。 |
| 2. | It is based mainly on the rigorous intellectual disciplines of madhyamika and yogacara philosophy and utilizes the symbolic ritual practices of vajrayana ( tantric buddhism )
它主要立基于中观派和瑜伽行派哲学的严格智力纪律，利用象征性的典礼实践金刚乘（坦陀罗式的佛教） 。 |
| 3. | Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要时因为史学界内部意见不一，其次认为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 |
| 4. | Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves
对于历史的定义，史学界向来各执己见，众说纷纭，现代史学实践将历史看成是对重现和解释过去的重大事件的尝试。 |
| 5. | Molecular and cellular biology are integrated with core principles from chemical , electrical , mechanical engineering and computer science to create the new intellectual discipline of biological engineering
分子和细胞生物学与化学工程、电子工程、机械工程、资讯工程的核心理论结合，创造出新的生物工程的领域。 |
| 6. | Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。 |
| 7. | Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves
翻译：虽然有与历史学家几乎一样多的历史解说，但是现代实践最遵从一种历史解说，这种解说视著史为复现和解释过去重大事件的努力。 |
| 8. | Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves
全句译文：人们对历史方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。 |
