| 1. | The income externality is mainly realized through the methods including overflowing automatically , ; losing passively directly or indirectly , prospective earnings being lost ; and the ways including offering public goods , accepting the shifted cost , loss in the unfair dealing , and so on
( 2 )收益外部化的方式：自动溢出、被动直接丧失、被动间接丧失、预期收益丧失等。 ( 3 )成本外部化的途径：对公共物品的过度消耗、对准公共资源的过度消耗、破坏与污染环境，对他人资源及要素的占用、强制不公平交易等。 |
