The oldest text to mention Chaturanga is the middle Persian work Wizârîshn î chatrang ud nîhishn î nêw-ardakhshîr (The explanation of Chatrang and the invention of Nard, c. Le premier est le Wizârîshn î chatrang ud nîhishn î nêw-ardakhshîr (L’explication du chatrang et l’invention du nard).