In the early 1950 ’ s , historia who studied preindustrial europe ( which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800 ) began , for the first time in large numbers , to investigate more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite : the kings , generals , judges , nobles , bisho , and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books 二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家,首次以众多的人数,开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。