Abstract labor is not a ready - made starting point 抽象劳动不是现成的出发点
2.
The measure of abstract labour 抽象劳动的计量单位
3.
Abstract and concrete labour 抽象劳动与具体劳动
4.
The second is to define which thoughts of the theory are permanent , without changing along with the time , such thoughts , which are unavoidable in persisting in and developing the theory , are as follows : the abstract labor is the only source of the invention of value ; the simple labor and complex labor should be distinguished ; the concept " general worker " should be hold ; the necessary labor determines commodity value ; use value is the deposit of value 其次，必须明确马克思劳动价值论的哪些内容是不会随时代的变化而变化从而是我们必须坚持的，这些问题也是坚持和发展马克思劳动价值论不能回避的核心问题。文章认为：必须坚持抽象劳动始终是价值的唯一源泉的思想；必须坚持社会必要劳动时间决定商品价值量的思想；必须坚持简单劳动和复杂劳动划分及其相互换算的思想；必须坚持“总体工人”的思想；必须坚持使用价值只是价值物质承担者的思想等等。
5.
Adhering to the methodology of dialectical materialism , the author raised the dual character of labourforce and natural resources , the dual character of abstract and concrete labour , the dual character of exchange value of commodity and the dual character of money , whereupon the essence of surplus value is analysed and 9 formula by which the production value of commodity is transformed into commodity price are discussed 在坚持辩证唯物主义的方法论中，提出了劳动力与自然资源的二重性，抽象劳动与具体劳动的二重性，商品交换价值的二重性，货币的二重性，分析了剩余价值的实质，研究了商品生产价值转化为商品价格的9种公式。
