Traditionally , somatic nuclear transfer in mammal is completed by micromanipulation . but micromanipulation is evidently damaging to cytoplast cytoskelton , causing the lost of some important factors involved in programming of donor karyoplast , reducing the volume of cytoplasm 传统核移植总效率低，且需要熟练的显微操作技术，所需设备昂贵，限制了核移植的广泛应用；因此作为替代，化学去核应运而生。
2.
Bovine sperm extract or sr2 + - induced ca2 + oscillations in mii oocytes and distribution of protein kinase c a ( pkc a ) in both mil oocytes and early embryos were not differed between young and old mice . . electrofusion rates were equivalent among 9 types of gv - cytoplast complexes constructed by gv exchange between 6 - 8 - week - old mice and 6 - 8 - week - old , 3 - month - old , 6 - month - old , 9 - month - old and 12 - month - old mice respectively 6 - 8周龄小鼠gv期卵母细胞分别与6 - 8周龄、 3月龄、 6月龄、 9月龄和12月龄小鼠gv期卵母细胞进行gv互换所形成的9种gv -胞质体复合体的融合率和9种重组卵母细胞的成熟率并不因小鼠年龄的增长而有所改变。
