In this order the forewings are modified to form hard elytra or cases . 该目昆虫的前翅发展成坚硬的鞘翅或壳。
2.
The are medium - sized butterflies having narrow and elongated forewings and the forelegs are much reduced 珍蝶科为中型蝴蝶，拥有窄长的翅膀，前足退化。
3.
The are medium - sized butterflies having narrow and elongated forewings and the forelegs are much reduced 珍蝶科为中型蝴蝶，拥有窄长的翅膀，前足退化。
4.
Based on the real structure of the forewing and hindwing of dragonfly , the plane geometric models of biomimetic wings are created using some cad software . then the three - dimensional finite element models of biomimetic wings are built by choosing the suitable element types and characteristic parameters 本文基于蜻蜓真实的翅翼样本,利用相应cad软件分别建立了前、后翅翼的几何结构模型,并通过选择适当的单元类型及设定特性参数,完成三维仿蜻蜓前、后翅翼的有限元建模。
5.
42 trees are obtained and the 13th is most acceptable . the results show that the evolutionary inclination of forewing and hindwing of empoascini is that the forewing evolved from these whose veins of mp " are derived from cell r , to these whose mp " from cell m , and the most advanced taxa include these whose 3 distal veins are derived from cell m . the hindwing are evolved from these whose cua is branched and the mp " + cua " is presented , to those whose cua is unbranched and mp " + cua " disappeared , based on the above analysis , the genera of empoascini can be divided into two groups : one group includes these whose mp " + cua " are present , the other consists of those whose mp " + cua " are disappeared 在系统发育方面，应用hennig86 ( version1 . 5 )软件，根据中国小绿叶蝉族40个属及外群dikraneura ，首次研究了该族的系统发育关系，根据研究结果初步提出了该族前、后翅脉的进化方向，即该族前翅翅脉呈现出mp脉源于r室，逐渐进化到mp脉源于m室，最后前翅3条端脉皆源于m室的趋势；后翅翅脉由cua脉端部分二叉，进化到后翅cua脉端部不分叉、 mp + cua脉退化的趋势。
