Are sty and graupel bead swollen have why to differ 麦粒肿与霰粒肿有何不同？
2.
In this paper , four cases of heavy rainfalls and snowfalls in china are simulated by using mm5 . cloud microphysical characteristics and sources of rain , snow and graupel have been particularly studied 运用中尺度非静力数值模式mm5v3 ，对我国华南前汛期暴雨、梅雨锋暴雨、北京东风回流降雪和辽宁寒潮大风雪等四次过程分别进行了模拟研究。
3.
The main mechanism of enhancing precipitation is that much ice nuclei turn into ices , and then snow ; graupel are formed more by microphysical processes . the melting of graupel makes precipitation more than that of unseeded clouds 主要的增雨机制是大量冰核活化成冰晶，冰晶通过增长和其他的微物理过程形成雪晶、霰，霰最后融化成降水使地面降水量增加。
4.
A diagnostic equation for n0s , the y - intercept of the assumed exponential snow distribution , is allowed to vary with snow mixing ratio . the scheme assumes a marshall - palmer distribution law for rain , snow and graupel with a constant intercept parameter n0 该方案将雪的m ? p分布谱参数截距n _ ( os )表达为雪的比含水量的函数，建立了n _ ( os )的诊断预报方程。
5.
Based on the dynamic frame of mm5 and reisner 2 explicit cloud scheme , a new double - moment microphysical scheme was developed , in which both the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud water , rain water , cloud ice , snow and graupel were predicted 从本质上说，该方案预报的仅仅是粒子的比含水量。在mm5动力框架内，在其中的reisner2方案基础上采用双变参数方案，增加了云水、雨水、雪和霰的数浓度预报方程。
6.
The simulative cloud image , made from the mixing ratios of cloud liquid water , rain water , ice crystal , snow , graupel which were outputted by the mesoscale model mm5 , resemble the gms satellite infrared image very well and also show the cloud evolution of typhoon winnie from tropical cyclone to extratropical cyclone after landing 利用高分辨率中尺度数值模式输出的大气中云水冰水雨水雪水成功地模拟出1997年登陆台风winnie的云系结构。模拟云图与气象卫星实际观测的台风云图非常相似。由于模拟云图可以给出大气中不同形态水物质的三维空间分布，弥补了卫星只能观测云顶表面的不足。
7.
The influence of the cloud droplet spectrum character and the spectrum growth and change is considered , which does not use a cut - off value for conversion from cloud water into rain water process . in the continuous coalescence equation , the particles fall velocity difference is not moved out from the integral , but is integrated in the equation as the function of diameter d to avoid the error of using particles average fall velocity . in the new scheme , generation rate of graupel due to the collection of snow by graupel and the collection of cloud ice by graupel are included 云中凝结核ccn的数浓度采用超几何函数表示；云水向雨水的自动转换过程采用grabowski ( 1999 )的公式，考虑了云滴谱的特征和发展变化对该过程的影响，而不是采用原方案给定阈值的方法描述该过程；对连续碰并方程不再将粒子落速差作为常量提出积分号外，而是直接作为粒子直径函数在积分号内求解，这样处理可以回避使用粒子群的平均落速带来的误差；增加了霰和雪、霰和冰晶的碰并微物理过程。
8.
A complex mixed - phase explicit microphysical parameterization scheme , which also be known as reisner 2 explicit scheme was developed for use in the ncar / penn state mesoscale model versions ( mm5 ) . the single - moment schemes has additional variables for graupel and ice number concentration , in which the mixing ratio of cloud water , rain water , cloud ice , snow and graupel are predicted and number concentration specified Mm5中的reisner2方案是一种含霰的复杂混合相显式云物理方案，该方案包含了云水、雨水、冰晶、雪和霰的混合比预报方程，同时对冰晶的数浓度作了预报。
9.
Using the 1ap 3 - d hailstorm numerical model , we analyze influence of variation on rainfall amount , hail fallout amount , dynamical process of cloud , microphysical process , mechanism of hail suppression with seeding , and seeding outcome . besides , we use those study outcomes and bring forward some advice about using and improving model . we simulate a hailstorm occurred in nanjing county and analyze influence of raindrop , ice crystal , graupel size distribution on outcome of model 本文利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维冰雹云催化数值模式，通过对冰雹云的模拟和对谱参数的数值试验结果，分析了冰雹云中粒子谱形的变化，对云和降水过程的影响，其中包括雨滴谱、冰晶谱、霰谱的形状参数对自然云的发展过程、降雨降雹、云中微物理过程、霰以及冰雹的形成机制的影响。
10.
The results show that it has no effect on cloud development and cloud structure , when form factors of raindrop , ice crystal , graupel size distribution ( r , i , g ) vary respectively , r variation has a bigger effect on rainfall amount and hail fallout amount , a , variation has a smaller effect on rainfall amount and hail fallout amount 并利用这些研究结果，对云模式的使用和改进提出建议。对1988年5月3日发生在南京的冰雹云个例分别进行了雨滴谱影响的数值试验、冰晶谱影响的数值试验、霰谱影响的数值试验以及雨滴、冰晶、霰谱影响的数值试验。
