The " mode of series bills of amendment to hague - visby rules " is an acceptable choice taking into consideration of the reality and application of law 出于对海上货物运输法的现实性和可操作性的考量， “海牙维斯比系列修正模式”在海上货物运输法统一化进程中是一个可以接受的模式。
3.
This obligation includes seven taches in the provision of the hague rules and the hague / visby rules . though the content is clear in literal , there are many issues in practice , which need to be regulated by law 《海牙规则》和《维斯比规则》在条文中将管货义务具体为七个环节，虽然从字面上看来内容很清楚，但实际上每个环节在具体实践中都有很多问题需要从法律上来规范。
4.
Having this in mind , researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law . meanwhile , taking into account the specialties of shipping law , this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules , hague - visby rules , hamburg rules , draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ) , china maritime code and china contract act 2000 有鉴于此，本论文对海运货损索赔举证责任的研究是建立在对一般民事举证责任分析的基础上，结合海商法特点，重点对《海牙规则》 、 《海牙威斯比规则》 、 《汉堡规则》 、美国1999年海上货物运输法草案以及我国《合同法》 、 《海商法》对海运货损索赔举证责任的规定做了具体的比较和分析。
5.
The degree of uniformity decreased as the visby protocol amendment to the hague rules was adopted in 1968 . afterthe hamburg rules entered into force which brought about a system of liability which is significantly different from that of the hague rules and hague - visby rules , the pace of disunification increased significantly 汉堡规则引进了完全不同于海牙规则和维斯比规则的责任制度，它的生效致使分裂的进程进一步加快。另外有一些国家游离于公约之外，形成自己的承运人责任制度。
6.
In the third part , the writer firstly is in an attempt to analyze rules of burden of proof in the importantly international conventions , namely hague rules , hague - visby rules and hamburg rules . by paying a close scrutiny on judicial precedents in different countries , the different approaches on the burden of proof in these conventions have been further stressed . under the international criticisms towards these approaches , the united states has drafted its carriage of goods by 另一方面，在各国对规则要求进行修改的呼声中，美国已推出了1999年海上货物运输法草案，美国作为世界上经济一大强国，这部法律的出台肯定会对我国海商领域产生重大的影响，在该草案中在举证责任方面做了许多有别于现有国际公约的规定，因此在本论文中对美国99cogsa的相关规定也做了具体评析。
