Rationale : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and osteoporosis . increased arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease 原理：慢性阻塞性肺部疾患（ copd ）是和心血管疾病及骨质疏松升高的危险联系在一起的。进行性动脉硬化是心血管疾病的一个独立先兆。
